Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Example for Free
Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Recommended Citation Khan, Adeel, Ethnic nationalism and the state in Pakistan, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, 2001. http://ro. uow. edu. au/theses/1736 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [emailprotected] edu. au Ethnic Nationalism and the State in Pakistan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from University of Woilongong by Adeel Khan Sociology Program, Faculty of Arts February 2001 Declaration I, Adeel Khan, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Sociology Program of Faculty of Arts, University of Woilongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Adeel Khan 26 February 2001 11 Aknowledgements I would like to thank the Sociology Program and the School of Critical Enquiry at the University of Woilongong for helping me to travel to Pakistan twice to do my fieldwork. In Pakistan there are too many people who have helped me in many different ways. I am grateful to all those academics, journalists, politicians, lawyers and activists who spared their time to speak to me. I would like to especially thank Mazhar Abbas who not only provided me with very useful information and contacts but also arranged meetings with the MQM leaders. I am indebted to Ahmed Shah and Ayub Shiekh for organising one of the most entertaining as well as productive trips to Hyderabad where they arranged meetings with Ibrahim Joyo and Rasul Bux Palejo and other Sindhi nationalists. In Lahore I had the pleasure of Khawar Malik and Imtiaz Alams company in one of the most dramatic months in Pakistans history when the chief justice and the prime minister were caught in a bizarre battle of ego that had created a serious political crisis. In Quetta, Abdul Sami Kakar, a former Pukhtim Student Federation activist, who was introduced to me by Tahir Mohammad Khan, was a wonderful company and great help in organising interviews with Baloch and Pukhtun nationalists. In Islamabad I shall always miss late Eqbal Ahmed with whom I had some of the most stimulating discussions. My supervisor, Stephen Castles, has been an unrelenting source of encouragement and inspiration. He not only encouraged me to think as deeply and as critically as possible but also, at times, forced me to explore different aspects of the argument whenever he felt I could do better. I have particularly benefited from Stephens knowledge of European history. What impressed me the most about Stephen, however, is that he is one of those people who are so comfortable with themselves that they hardly care what others think of them, and therefore they are unassuming and full of humility. I wish I could learn that from him, too. My wife, Rafat, deserves more than a few words of gratitude for she is the one who had to put up with my anxiety, self-doubt, writers block, mood swings, and all the other hazards that come with a person who agrees with Adomo that (o)nly those thoughts are frue which fail to understand themselves. I stand obliged to her for bearing with me. As is customary, and in legal terms, too, I must admit that only I am responsible for the mistakes and weaknesses in my work, but as I have made it obvious that I would not have been able to produce this work without the help of all those mentioned above, and therefore, morally at least, they cannot escape the responsibility. The only consolation I can offer to them is that I apologise for the mistakes and weaknesses and promise to try harder, next time, to fail better. Ill Abstract Nationalism is a way of dealing with a world where everything melts into thin air. It is a form of self-love in which individuals celebrate their collective identity. And like all forms of self-love it gets its strength more from the hatred of others than its love for the self Here lies the secret behind some of the most intractable conflicts in the world. Nationalism is, probably, the only form of self-love that gets its life-blood from an institution, the modem state. Had the state not been behind the self-love of the Germans, they would not have been able to torture and murder so many Jews in such a short period of time. Likewise, had the west not helped the Jews to establish their own state in Palestine, the Jews would never have been able to displace and kill so many Palestinians. Nationalism is not the pathology of the modem world, but is, as a sentiment and as a doctrine, only a pathetic way to deal with a pathetic world. But nationalism as a game of power, as a politics, is lethal and destructive. As a sentiment and as a doctrine nationalism may be the child of an unstable and fast changing world but as a politics it is the child of the nation state. This thesis explores the relationship between the nation-state and the nationalisms of four ethnic groups, namely, Pukhtun, Sindhi, Baloch and Mohajir, who have, at various points in time, contested the legitimacy of the administrative structure of the Pakistani state. It starts with identifying the issue of ethnic conflicts, goes on to review the available literature and then outlines a framework for studying ethnic IV nationalism. As the emphasis here is on the role of the modem state in provoking ethnic discontent and resistance the second chapter discusses the interventionist role of the state and tries to highlight its relationship with nationalism. The second section of the chapter looks at various approaches to nationalism and explains as to which approach is more suitable and why for dealing with ethnic nationalism. The third chapter endeavours to explicate the difference between pre-colonial and colonial state in India as well as the way the colonial state despite being modem was different from the modem state system in the west. The fourth chapter discusses the state system in Pakistan and argues that the postcolonial state is a replica of the colonial state. The next four chapters examine the emergence of four ethnic movements and their varying strategies for dealing with the centralising and homogenising policies of the state. Throughout, the focus remains on the ethnic groups distance from and proximity to the state system as the major factor in determining their relationships. Table of Contents Declaration Acknowledgments Abstract 11 iii iv Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Introduction Nationalism and the State Colonisation of the State in India Nationalisation of the Colonial State in Pakistan Pukhtun Ethnic Nationalism: From Separatism to Integrationism Baloch Ethnic Nationalism: From Guerilla War to Nowhere? Sindhi Ethnic Nationalism: Migration, Marginalisation, and the Threat of Indianisation Mohajir Ethnic Nationalism: El Dorado gone Sour! At a Crossroads as Ever Before! 1 24 45 67 99 133 Chapter 7 158 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 201 238 References Appendix A Interviews 244 259 VI The whole is the false Adomo Inversion of Hegels famous dictum, the whole is the true (1978:50) Vll Please see print copy for image Source: 1998 Census (Statistical Pocket Book of Pakistan, 2000) PAKISTAN.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Epic of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays
Chivalry is Yet, Not Dead In some select stories of old/middle english, we can see that people have been fascinated by ideals of heroism, chivalry, and what we now refer to as romance for a very long time. I will argue in this document, that our fascination with such imaginary laws has never ceased, and in some ways is even more fantastic. Every further mention of romance will refer to all of these ideas, the way it did when the term was introduced into english. If all things are to be considered this short essay would turn into a book. I would like to compare and contrast Beowulf, Lanval, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with some of the modern day creations especially in looking at the values, and belief systems in all of the three â€Å"classic†stories. I will apologize in advance to those who will read this and are not familiar to the texts that are mentioned, due to restrictions in size I must mention all of my topics without specific description of how the stories are told, please at least re ad â€Å"Beowulf†before considering this essay. Beowulf has and will live in the hearts of many people today, whether they have actually read and studied the text itself or they have merely been exposed to modern movies, books, and music that idealize a classical heroic ideal.     We might consider in this topic the modern police officer, soldier, paramedic, FBI/CIA agent, and any who take on with their livelihood the motto â€Å"to protect and to serve.†I believe we will most likely see and inherent desire for honor, and for glory. These in certain individuals seem to overpower the desire and will to help other people. A scholar by the name of George P. Fletcher states when looking at romanticism and its opposites, â€Å"On the one hand, we have stability, order, universality, and the boredom of the predictable and domestic. On the other hand, we have revolt, disorder, partiality, and the intense flames of lust and creativity. This is, of course, the way Romantics might describe the sentiments that move them†(p. 17). He even goes on to hint that the reason we have waged war on Iraq was because of romantic ideas. We'll stay away from that debate in this essay and just say that the idea of glory and honor is summed up completely in â€Å"Beowulf†by the line †Heaven swallowed the smoke†(L. 3155), in Lanval when he will not lie, despite the costs, despa... ...ork:                Norton. 2000. Alexander, Michael, trans. Beowulf. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973. Bradley, S. A. J., trans. â€Å"Beowulf.†Anglo-Saxon Poetry: An Anthology of Old English                Poems in Prose Translation with Introduction and Headnotes by S. A. J. Bradley.           Everyman's Library. London and Melbourne: Dent, 1982. Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Canterbury Tales.†The Norton Anthology of English Literature:           6th edition New York: Norton. 1996 Donaldson, E. Talbot. â€Å"Beowulf: A New Prose Translation.†The Norton Anthology of                English Literature: 6th edition. New York: Norton. 1996. Fletcher, George P. Romantics at War. Princeton: Princeton UP. 2002 Laven, David, and Lucy Riall. Napoleon's Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration           Europe. Berg. 2000
Monday, January 13, 2020
KMART The New Forms of Discount Stores
Kmart was formed in the late 1950's to challenge new forms of discount stores. They are a descendant of an organization Sebastian S. Kresge. The average Kmart store is around 100,000 square feet. In 1987 Kmart was the largest discount retailer in the United States. They currently have 2,223 stores and last year they had over $25 billion in sales which is nearly double that of Wal-Mart. In 1991 they opened their Kmart superstores. The superstore is a 150,000 square feet and is expected to gross $40 to $50 million dollars in revenues. It will also remain open 24 hours a day. One symptom is that Wal-Mart has lower prices than Kmart which makes them very hard to compete with. Kmart has to try to get out of the really urban areas so they can compete more realistically with Wal-Mart. They need to keep their appearance and service above par or this also will result in problems. Kmart's biggest problem is obviously the widespread of Wal-Mart all over the United States. They have to find a way to compete with Wal-Mart's regional distribution centers. These centers ensure the Wal-Mart customers that they are going to get the best product for the best price. Since Kmart does not have these centers they still need to pay all of the fees that deal with shipping and handling. Kmart needs to do something quick. In a recent survey 49% of people said that they would drive right past a Kmart to go to a Wal-Mart. The average Wal-Mart customer visits the store 32 times in a year, meanwhile the average Kmart customer only visits 15 times in a year. They have to be in financial trouble since they are getting pressure from vendors to pay their bills on time. Kmart needs to find a certain area that they are better at then Wal-Mart. They are not going to be able to beat their prices so they have to provide better customer service. They have select a specialized department that they can dominate and at least take away a little of the business from Wal-Mart. For example develop a top of the line auto care station for tune ups, inspections, oil changes etc. They have to research and find rare products that Wal-Mart does not carry. If it is at all possible try to lower their prices so that they provide more competition for Wal-Mart. Kmart needs to develop a way to get their products for a lower price. As already said they should come up with an idea similar to Wal-Mart's regional distribution centers. They also need to develop physical distribution management. I think if they use the idea of regional centers it will greatly increase their product flow.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
World War II Battle of Guam (1944)
The Battle of Guam was fought July 21 to August 10, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). Originally an American possession, the island of Guam had been lost to the Japanese during the opening days of the conflict in 1941. Three years later, with Allied forces advancing across the central Pacific, plans were made to liberate the island in conjunction with operations against Saipan. Following the landings on Saipan and the victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea, American troops came ashore on Guam on July 21. The initial weeks saw heavy fighting until Japanese resistance was finally broken in early August. Though the island was declared secure, it took several weeks to round up the remaining Japanese defenders. With the islands liberation, it was converted into a major base for Allied operations against the Japanese home islands. Background Situated in the Mariana Islands, Guam became a possession of the United States following the Spanish-American War in 1898. Lightly defended, it was captured by Japan on December 10, 1941, three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Following advances through the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, which saw places such as Tarawa and Kwajalein secured, Allied leaders commenced planning for a return to the Marianas in June 1944. These plans initially called for landings on Saipan on June 15 with troops going ashore on Guam three days later. The landings would be preceded by a series of aerial attacks by Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Task Force 58 (Fast Carrier Task Force) and US Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator bombers. Covered by Admiral Raymond A. Spruances Fifth Fleet, Lieutenant General Holland Smiths V Amphibious Corps began landing as planned on June 15 and opened the Battle of Saipan. With fighting underway ashore, Major General Roy Geigers III Amphibious Corps began moving towards Guam. Alerted to the approach of a Japanese fleet, Spruance canceled the June 18 landings and ordered the ships carrying Geigers men to withdraw from the area. Engaging the enemy, Spruance won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19-20 with his fleet sinking three Japanese aircraft carriers and destroying over 500 enemy aircraft. Despite the victory at sea, fierce Japanese resistance on Saipan forced the liberation of Guam to be postponed to July 21. This, as well as fears that Guam could be more heavily fortified than Saipan, led to Major General Andrew D. Bruces 77th Infantry Division being added to Geigers command. Battle of Guam (1944) Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Date: July 21 to August 10, 1944Armies and Commanders:AlliesMajor General Roy GeigerVice Admiral Richmond K. Turner59,401, menJapanLieutenant General Takeshi Takashina18,657 menCasualties:Allies: 1,783 killed and 6,010 woundedJapanese: approximately 18,337 killed and 1,250 captured Going Ashore Returning to the Marianas in July, Geigers underwater demolition teams scouted the landing beaches and commenced removing obstacles along Guams west coast. Supported by naval gunfire and carrier aircraft, the landings moved forward on July 21 with Major General Allen H. Turnages 3rd Marine Division landing north of the Orote Peninsula and Brigadier General Lemuel C. Shepherds 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the south. Encountering intense Japanese fire, both forces gained the shore and began moving inland. To support Shepherds men, Colonel Vincent J. Tanzolas 305th Regimental Combat Team waded ashore later in the day. Overseeing the islands garrison, Lieutenant General Takeshi Takashina began counterattacking the Americans but was unable to prevent them from penetrating 6,600 feet inland before nightfall (Map).  nvasion of Guam, July 1944: Pre-invasion bombardment of Guam, seen from the battleship USS New Mexico (BB-40), July, 14, 1944. An amphibious command ship (AGC), probably Task Force 53 flagship USS Appalachian (AGC-1), is at left. Other ships present include a Farragut-class destroyer (right center), an old Wickes/Clemson-class fast transport (APD) and two landing craft, infantry (LCI). US Naval History and Heritage Command Fighting for the Island As the fighting continued, the remainder of the 77th Infantry Division landed on July 23-24. Lacking sufficient Landing Vehicles Tracked (LVT), much of the division was forced to disembark on the reef offshore and wade to the beach. The next day, Shepherds troops succeeded in cutting the base of the Orote Peninsula. That night, the Japanese mounted strong counterattacks against both beachheads. These were repelled with the loss of around 3,500 men. With the failure of these efforts, Takashina began retreating from the Fonte Hill area near the northern beachhead. In the process, he was killed in action on July 28 and succeeded by Lieutenant General Hideyoshi Obata. That same day, Geiger was able to unite the two beachheads and a day later secured the Orote Peninsula. Two officers plant the American flag on Guam eight minutes after US Marines and Army assault troops landed on the Central Pacific island on July 20, 1944. National Archives and Records Administration Pressing their attacks, American forces compelled Obata to abandon the southern part of the island in as Japanese supplies began to dwindle. Withdrawing north, the Japanese commander intended to concentrate his men in the islands northern and central mountains. After reconnaissance confirmed the enemys departure from southern Guam, Geiger turned his corps north with the 3rd Marine Division on the left and the 77th Infantry Division on the right. Liberating the capital at Agana on July 31, American troops captured the airfield at Tiyan a day later. Driving north, Geiger shattered the Japanese lines near Mount Barrigada on August 2-4. Pushing the increasingly broken enemy north, US forces launched their final drive on August 7. After three days of fighting, organized Japanese resistance effectively ended. Aftermath Though Guam was declared secure, a large number of Japanese troops remained on the loose. These were largely rounded up in the following weeks though one, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi, held out until 1972. Defeated, Obata committed suicide on August 11. In the fighting for Guam, American forces suffered 1,783 killed and 6,010 wounded while Japanese losses numbered approximately 18,337 killed and 1,250 captured. In the weeks after the battle, engineers transformed Guam into a major Allied base that included five airfields. These, along with other airfields in the Marianas, gave USAAF B-29 Superfortresses bases from which to commence striking targets in the Japanese home islands.
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